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There are 76 universities in Spain, most of which are supported by state funding. 24 Spanish universities are private, of which 7 are affiliated with the Catholic Church. Former degrees were: *''Licenciatura'' or ''ingeniería'', can last four, five or six years. *''Diplomatura'' or ''ingeniería técnica'', degree courses of shorter duration, 3 years. Under the new European Higher Education Area, these former undergraduate degrees are being replaced by the ''título de grado'' (Bachelor's degree) or the ''título de máster'' (Master's degree). ==History== The origins of higher education in Spain date back to Al-Andalus, the period of Islamic rule. Madrasahs were established in the Andalusian cities of Córdoba, Seville, Toledo, Granada (Madrasah of Granada), Murcia, Almería, Valencia and Cádiz during the Caliphate of Córdoba. Problems of definition make it difficult to date the origins of universities. The first medieval European universities were simply groups of scholars, the word "university" being derived from the Latin ''universitas'', meaning ''corporation''. Nonetheless, the University of Palencia appears to have been the first high education institution in Spain, while the University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca) is the oldest existing Spanish university. Founded in 1218, during a period of expansion that had begun in the 11th century, this University is considered to be one of the oldest in Western Europe. The university was founded as a "General School of the kingdom" by King Alfonso IX of León in 1218 so that the Leonese people could study at home without having to leave for Castile. The reign of Ferdinand, King of Aragon, and Isabella I, Queen of Castile, saw a professionalisation of the apparatus of government in Spain, which led to a demand for men of letters (''letrados'') who were university graduates (''licenciados''), of Salamanca, Valladolid and Alcalá de Henares. These men staffed the various councils of state, including, eventually, the ''Consejo de Indias'' and ''Casa de Contratacion'', the two highest bodies in metropolitan Spain for the government of the Spanish Empire in the New World. Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali. In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries. In Europe, young men proceeded to university when they had completed their study of the ''trivium''–the preparatory arts of grammar, rhetoric, and logic–and the ''quadrivium'': arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. (See degrees of Oxford University for the history of how the ''trivium'' and ''quadrivium'' developed in relation to degrees, especially in anglophone universities). Several of the world's oldest universities are located in Spain or were founded by Spanish scholars across the world at the time of the Spanish Empire. The University of Salamanca, founded by King Alfonso IX of Leon in 1218 is the world's 8th oldest university. The oldest existing universities both in Asia (University of Santo Tomas) and the Americas (University of Santo Domingo) were founded by Spanish religious orders in the 16th century. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Higher education in Spain」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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